The available post formats in WordPress: 
                  Standard (text)
                  Image
                  Image gallery
                  Link
                  Video
                  Audio
                  Chat transcript
                  Status (a brief update)
                  Quote (a quote, its source, and a link URL)
                  Aside

Short codes are bracketed words that are replaced with content when the post is displayed to visitors. Shortcodes work like text macros in Microsoft Word.

Tags are subject key word that are used to drive search engine optimization where an editor or administrator, authors are free to create new tags simply by typing them into the Tag box while writing a post.

Featured Images: The featured image (formerly known as the post thumbnail) is an image that represents a post which might be shown by itself, depending on how a theme displays posts.Excerpts: An excerpt is, as the box says in WordPress, a summary of a post. Excerpts are shown with a continuation string. By default, ‘[...]’ is appended to your excerpt text, which is 55 words long.

Comments are readers’ responses to posts. They are written in a small form on a post or a page and, once approved, are displayed in a list below the post. 
Whereas, Trackbacks are automated alerts that someone has referenced a post or a page on their own site. It lets know that conversations are taking place elsewhere about something the author wrote.